Crystal diodes rau p-hom semiconductor thiab tsim n-hom semiconductor pn hlws ris, nyob rau hauv cov chaw them nqi txheej yog tsim rau ob tog ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam, thiab tau tsim txij li hluav taws xob teb. Thaum tsis muaj qhov hluav taws xob sab nraud, qhov tshwm sim ntawm pn kev sib tshuam ntawm ob sab ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab tam sim no los ua lub chaw hluav taws xob ntawm txav hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob sib luag yog qhov qub.
Thaum lub sab nraud thaum muaj qhov zoo voltage offset, sab nraud hluav taws xob teb thiab tsim kev sib nrig sib inhibition nyhuv ntawm thaj chaw hluav taws xob kom nce lub diffusion ntawm cov nqa khoom tau ua rau lub zog hluav taws xob rau pem hauv ntej.
Thaum lub sab nraud thaum muaj hluav taws xob rov qab-kev tsis ncaj ncees, kev tsim kho hluav taws xob los ntawm hluav taws xob sab nraud thiab ntxiv dag zog ntxiv thiab tsim ib qho kev rov qab cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm qhov thim rov qab tsis ncaj ncees voltage tus nqi ntawm kev rov ua hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tam sim no I0.
Thaum rov qab qhov hluav taws xob mus rau ib qho kev kawm, qhov hluav taws xob teb muaj zog ntawm kev sib tshuam pn hauv qhov chaw them nqi txheej cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntau txheej txheem nce mus txog tus nqi tseem ceeb, ua cov khoom hluav taws xob ntau-qhov hluav taws xob muaj ntau, yog li qhov loj thim rov qab tam sim no yog tsim, lub npe hu ua lub diode cuam tshuam kev tshwm sim.